Insect metamorphosis is a fascinating and highly successful biological adaptation, but there is much uncertainty as to how it evolved. Each species is perfectly suited to its role, and their mouthparts have evolved in ways that allow them to effectively exploit their food sources. In addition, the tracefossil record of insect mediated plant damage, gut contents, coprolites, and insect relevant floral features provides complementary data documenting the evolution of feeding strategies during the past 400 million years. Evolution of the insects download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. It is estimated that the class of insects originated on earth about 480 million years ago, in the ordovician, at about the same time terrestrial.
Introductory sections include the living species, diversity of insects, methods of reconstructing evolutionary relationships, basic insect structure. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about arthropoda ppt. Evolutionary history of polyneoptera and its implications for our. Ancient protostome origin of chemosensory ionotropic. Highlights from migration lecture 9why do monarch butterflies migrate north in the spring. In other winged insects, flight muscles attach to the thorax, which make it oscillate in order to induce the wings to beat. Phasmatodea, stick and leaf insects, are a rather small insect order, comprising approximately 3000 described extant species 1,2. With special reference to developmental patterns and their bearings upon systematics focuses on the morphology and evolution of the skeletal structures of the insect abdomen and the internal reproductive system. During their evolution, insects have progressed through a number of lifehistory strategies, some of which persist in present day orders.
Of these insects, some dipterans and some beetles achieve very high wingbeat frequencies through the evolution of an asynchronous nervous system, in which the thorax oscillates faster than the rate of nerve impulses. Indeed, few examples of genetic accommodation have been elucidated to this level in the laboratory or in natural populations e. Tree topology integrates over a number of historical phylogenies, based on morphological data andor sangersequenced loci. Pdf evolution of the insects alexis andres leiva veas.
Dichrostigma flavipes is an example of an insect that seems to have characteristics of several different insect. Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills pubmed. This type of mouth parts are supposed to be the most primitive type as the other types are believed to be evolved from biting and chewing type of mouth parts. We recently discovered a variant class of iglurs in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, named ionotropic receptors irs, which function as olfactory receptors in its nose, prompting us to ask whether. David grimaldi american museum of natural history michael s. The evolution of species is driven in part by limited resources and the adaptations in which these can be exploited. Evolution of the insects david grimaldi, michael s. Left traditional phylogeny of insects reflecting the uncertain placement of key groups with aquatic larvae blue and inferred ancestral state in the common ancestor of pterygota the winged insects. The one closed organ, called the dorsal vessel, extends from the hind end through the thorax to the head.
Two competing hypotheses predict how the maximum population growth rate of ectotherms evolves in response to temperature adaptation. Evolution of the insects david grimaldi american museum of natural history michael s. Cambridge university press cambridge, new york, melbourne, madrid, cape town. Integrating morphology and phylogenomics supports a. Arguments against plasticityfirst evolution cite a lack of evidence for the molecular mechanisms enabling environmentally induced traits to become heritable in comparison to those that explain mutationfirst evolution wray et al. View and download powerpoint presentations on arthropoda ppt. The evolution of flowering plants was another important driving force. Introductory sections cover the living species diversity of insects, methods of reconstructing evolutionary relationships, basic insect structure, and the diverse modes of insect fossilization and major fossil deposits. The most recent understanding of the evolution of insects is based on studies of the following branches of science.
As insects followed plants onto land, they used plants for both food and shelter. Darwin found that the birds beaks were specially shaped depending on the type of food they ate. This book chronicles the complete evolutionary history of insects their living diversity and relationships as well as 400 million years of fossils. Classification of insects refers to the arrangement of insects into groups and the groups into systems called classification taxonomy this is the science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms.
Mouth parts in insects with diagram biology discussion. The emergence of wings in hexapods represents a profound moment in eukaryotic evolution, making insects one of the most successful groups. Many orders wont be encountered or noticed because of. Thermodynamics constrains the evolution of insect population growth rates. Ppt insect evolution powerpoint presentation free to. Paranotal theory paranotal lobes paleodictyoptera 11 stages of insect evolution carpenter, 1953 2. Dual evolutionary origin of insect wings supported by an. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of insect wings. Insect, any member of the class insecta hexapoda, the largest class of phylum arthropoda, about 1 million. Gill theory stages of insect evolution carpenter, 1953 2.
This report will describe the evolution from aquatic environments to terrestrial environments as part of this movement, of animals onto land, created a cause for the fast development of newly designed systems in order to support. The evolution of flight was a major event that helped drive insect diversity, as insects were able to travel to and adapt to new habitats. Evolution of the insects is beautifully illustrated with more than 900 photo and electron micrographs, drawings, diagrams, and. This particular species is on the federal endangered species list. Thusfaridentified or repertoires range in size from ten in phthiraptera i. People have known since at least the time of ancient egypt that worms and grubs develop into adult insects, but the evolution of insect metamorphosis remains a. Click download or read online button to get evolution of the insects book now. Millions of years ago 500 400 300 200 100 present day wings can fold over backno external wing developmentfeeding on flowering plants diversification of pollinators of flowering plantssocial behavior ancestors of insects, spiders, and centipedes hit landfirst insects first winged insects moths bees, ants wingless wings cant fold. The simplified family tree shown here illustrates the presumed evolutionary history of winged insects pterygota throughout the geological.
Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution. Pterygota, the winged insects, are indisputably monophyletic, representing a single origin of wings and flight among insects. Evolution of arthropods has resulted in an increasing divergence of body 915643 ppt. The book will appeal to anyone engaged with insect diversity. Mouthpart types have a retrievable and interpretable fossil history in wellpreserved insect deposits. Evolution insects grimaldi pdf first time, the complete evolutionary history of insects. Ppt the evolution of insects 2 powerpoint presentation. Butterfly, superfamily papilionoidea, any of numerous species of insects belonging to multiple families. Emphasis is placed on patterns of development and their implications for systematics.
Acquisition of morphologically novel structures can facilitate successful radiation during evolution. The insect olfactory system is thus an excellent model system for learning more about the intersection between evolution and development. However, the tissue that gave rise to this novel and evolutionarily crucial structure, and the mechanism that facilitated its evolution, are still under. The success of neopteran insects, with 1 million species described, is associated with developmental innovations such as holometaboly and the evolution from short to long germband embryogenesis. Evolution of the insects insects are the most diverse group of organisms to appear in the 3billionyear history of life on earth, and the most ecologically dominant animals on land. Evolution of the insects insects are the most diverse group of organisms to appear in.
In this introduction, we have described the insect orders beginning with the most primitive wingless insects, and ending with the insect groups that have undergone the. Short, sturdy beaks belonged to finches who needed to crack nuts to get nutrition, while long and pointy beaks were used to poke into the cracks of trees to find juicy. Explaining the taxonomic richness of the insects, comprising over half of all described species, is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Mimicing the living or dead objects indian dead leaf butterfly kallima paralecta colourful upper side of wing but dull brown under surface which resembles dead leaf stick insect resemblance with twig in having slender body, attenuated limbs, sympathetic colouration and slow movement leaf insect phyllium possesses flattened, expanded. Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order lepidoptera.
In a world where our attention is snared by charismatic birds, bats, or longlost pterosaurs, it is easily overlooked that insects were the first animals to evolve flight and dominated the planets skies up to 170 million years before any contenders. Download figure open in new tab download powerpoint. Reproduction is necessary for the survival and increase. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Phasmatodeans typically live on trees or shrubs throughout the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics 35.
Genetic accommodation and the role of ancestral plasticity. Much like charles darwin found out about the beaks of finches, different types of teeth have an evolutionary history as well. This book chronicles, for the first time, the complete evolutionary history of insects. The circulatory system is an open one, with most of the body fluid, or hemolymph, occupying cavities of the body and its appendages. The paleopterous orders all orders that shares the primitive conditions are grouped as paleoptera, a sub division within the sub class pterygote. Insects are the most diverse group of organisms to appear in the 3billionyear history of life on earth, and the most ecologically dominant animals on land. Morphology and evolution of the insect abdomen 1st edition. Polyneoptera is the only major lineage of winged insects pterygota with.
Origin and evolution of insect metamorphosis request pdf. During their evolution insects progressed from direct development, through a simple metamorphosis of a nymph into an adult, and eventually to a complex metamorphosis with a specialized larval and pupal stage. Fossil evidence for key innovations in the evolution of insect diversity. These are the evolution of the insect bauplan in wingless insects, wings, wing folding. Pterygota paleoptera silurian devonian carboniferous permian triassic jurassic cretaceous entognatha archaeognatha hexapoda zygentoma. Evolutionary history of insects linkedin slideshare. Familiarity with the twentynine insect orders is the key to identifying and understanding insects. Based on fossil records, entomologists recognized up to seven orders of paleopterous insects. Explaining the taxonomic richness of the insects, comprising over half of all. Evolution stages the thick lines of the tree represent actual fossils that have been found while the thin lines represent gradual changes in insects that have yet to be found in the fossil record.
A study of the evolution of flightlessness must, therefore, address the question of the adaptive significance of migration in insects. Taxonomy is the day today practice dealing with organism kinds, handling and identification of specimen, publication of data, study of literature and analysis of. Most of these insects are abundant in the carboniferous period, but they disappeared suddenly in the permian about 250 mya. Ppt the evolution of insects 2 powerpoint presentation free to. Insect ors form a large and highly divergent gene family, with no close orthologies apart from orco or apparent subfamily structure conserved across insect orders figure 3. Paranotal theory venation lobes 12 stages of insect evolution carpenter, 1953 2. The ancestral strategy was simple direct development, termed ametabolous development, as seen in the primitively wingless orders, the zygentoma silverfish and archaeognatha jumping bristletails. Most extant stick insects imitate the shape and colour of thin twigs, but some stick insects in the genera cotylosoma and. The evolutionary origin of insect wings is, however, a longstanding mystery that. One holds that wings evolved by modification of limb branches that were already present in. These consist of the labrum forming upper lip, mandibles, first maxillae, second maxillae forming lower lip, hypo pharynx and the epipharynx. Taxonomy and classification of insects academicscope. Author summary ionotropic glutamate receptors iglurs are a family of cell surface proteins best known for their role in allowing neurons to communicate with each other in the brain. Eusocial insects, including ants and many wasp and bee species, form hierarchical communities comprising reproductive queens and sterile workers.
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms. Stick insect in burmese amber reveals an early evolution. Two of the most famous are figsfig wasps and yuccasyucca moths tegeticula tightly coevolved mutualism, in which the plant relies exclusively on the insect for pollination, and the insect relies exclusively on the plant for food in both cases, the larvae are seedflower eaters. Insects are incredibly diverse organisms, and they fill a variety of niches in their respective ecosystems.
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